Default is: 60

Specifies the default time, in seconds, to wait after sending a SIGTERM signal to all processes for each request running in a queue that has received a PKT_ABOQUE packet. At the end of this time period, any remaining queue processes receive a SIGKILL signal. This variable is the default grace period for the qmgr commands abort queue, hold request, and preempt request. This variable is an integer from 0 to 600.

Default is: 0

Defines the number of seconds to wait before a chkpnt(2) system call is retried during periodic checkpointing. This variable can be 0 or any positive integer.

Default is: 60

Defines the number of seconds to wait before a chkpnt(2) system call is retried during a hold or shutdown. This variable can be 0 or any positive integer.

Default is: 1

Defines the total number of chkpnt(2) system calls that will be retried. This variable is an integer; a value that is less than 1 is treated as a 1.

Default is: 3

Defines the total number of chkpnt(2) system calls that will be retried. This variable is an integer; a value that is less than 1 is treated as a 1.

Default is: 31

Sets the maximum number of seconds during which a network function may continue to fail, because of a temporary condition, before being marked as completely failed. This variable is an integer from 0 to 600.

Default is: 15

Defines the maximum time, in seconds, that is allowed for the qdel(1) or qstat(1) command to try to connect to a remote machine. This variable is an integer from 0 to 600.

Default is: 256

Defines the default per-process core size limit coefficient. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPCORECOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPCOREUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 0 to 2,147,483,647 ((2³¹)-1).

Default is: QLM_MWORDS

Defines the default per-process core size limit units. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPCORECOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPCOREUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is one of the following values:

Default is: 0

Defines the time, in milliseconds, of the default per-process CPU limit. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPCPUSECS + NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPCPUMS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 0 to 999.

Default is: 720000

Defines the time, in seconds, of the default per-process CPU limit. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPCPUSECS + NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPCPUMS. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set per_process cpu_limit command; when no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value creation of a queue. This variable is an integer from 1 to 2,147,483,647.

Default is: 256

Defines the default per-process data size limit coefficient. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPDATACOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPDATAUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 0 to 2,147,483,647.

Default is: QLM_MWORDS

Defines the default per-process data size limit units. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPDATACOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPDATAUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is one of the following values:

Default is: 256

Defines the default per-process memory size limit coefficient. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPMEMCOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPMEMUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 0 to 2,147,483,647.

Default is: QLM_MWORDS

Defines the default per-process memory size limit units. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPMEMCOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPMEMUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this value is used as the default value. This variable is one of the following values:

Default is: 10

Defines the default per-process massively parallel processing Cray MPP systems time limit. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set per_process mpp_time_limit command. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. If you change this value, it will not alter all queue limits, but it will be used only when another queue is created. The variable is an integer from 0 to 2,147,483,647.

Default is: 0

Defines the default nice value assigned to requests in a queue. For more information, see the qmgr set nice_increment command. This variable is an integer from -20 to 19. You should specify only a positive value because a negative value is used for the initial queue nice value during the queue creation for all queues. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set nice_increment command. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value.

Default is: 100

Defines the default per-process permanent file size limit coefficient. To change this value for an individual queue, use the qmgr set per_process permfile_limit command. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPPFILECOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPPFILEUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 0 to 2,147,483,647.

Default is: QLM_MBYTES

Defines the default per-process permanent file size limit units. To change this value for an individual queue, use the qmgr set per_process permfile_limit command. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPPFILECOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPPFILEUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is one of the following values:

Default is: 0

Defines the default per-process quick-file size limit coefficient. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPQFILECOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPQFILEUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 0 to 2,147,483,647.

Default is: QLM_MBYTES

Defines the default per-process permanent quick-file size limit units. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPQFILECOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPQFILEUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value during the creation of a queue. This variable is one of the following values:

Default is: 256

Defines the default per-process stack size limit coefficient. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPSTACKCOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPSTACKUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 0 to 2,147,483,647.

Default is: QLM_MWORDS

Defines the default per-process stack size limit units. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPSTACKCOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPSTACKUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is one of the following values:

Default is: 0

Defines the default per-process temporary file size limit coefficient. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPTFILECOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPTFILEUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 0 to 2,147,483,647.

Default is: QLM_MBYTES

Defines the default per-process temporary file size limit units. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPTFILECOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPTFILEUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is one of the following values:

Default is: 256

Defines the default per-process work size limit coefficient. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPWORKCOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPWORKUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 0 to 2,147,483,647.

Default is: QLM_MWORDS

Defines the default per-process work size limit units. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPWORKCOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PPWORKUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is one of the following values:

Default is: 0

Defines the milliseconds portion of the default per-request CPU limit. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set per_request cpu_limit command. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRCPUMS + NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRCPUSECS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 0 to 999.

Default is: 720000

Defines the seconds portion of the default per-request CPU limit. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set per_request cpu_limit command. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRCPUMS + NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRCPUSECS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 1 to 2,147,483,647.

Default is: 0

Defines the per-request tape drive limit. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set per_request tape_limit command. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 0 to 255.

Default is: 256

Defines the default per-request memory size limit coefficient. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set per_request memory_limit command. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRMEMCOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRMEMUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 0 to 2,147,483,647.

Default is: QLM_MWORDS

Defines the default per-process memory size limit units. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRMEMCOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRMEMUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is one of the following values:

Default is: 0

Defines the default per-request Cray MPP systems processing element (PE) limit. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set per_request mpp_pe_limit command. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. If you change this value, it will not alter all queue limits, but it will be used only when another queue is created. The variable is an integer from 0 to NQE_NQS_MAX_MPPPES.

Default is: 10

Defines the default per-request Cray MPP systems time limit. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set per_request mpp_time_limit command. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. If you change this value, it will not alter all queue limits, but it will be used only when another queue is created. The variable is an integer from 0 to 2,147,483,647.

Default is: 0

Defines the default per-request permanent file size limit coefficient. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set per_request permfile_limit command. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRPFILECOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRPFILEUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 0 to 2,147,483,647.

Default is: QLM_BYTES

Defines the default per-request permanent file size limit units. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set per_request permfile_limit command. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRPFILECOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRPFILEUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is one of the following values:

Default is: 0

Defines the default per-request quick-file-size limit coefficient. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set per_request quickfile_limit command. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRQFILECOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRQFILEUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 0 to 2,147,483,647.

Default is: QLM_BYTES

Defines the default per-request quick-file size limit units. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set per_request quickfile_limit command. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRQFILECOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRQFILEUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is one of the following values:

Default is: 0

Defines the default per-request shared memory size limit coefficient. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRSHM_COEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRSHM_UNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 0 to NQE_NQS_MAX_SHM_COEFF.

Default is: 0

Defines the default per-request shared memory segment limit. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 0 to NQE_NQS_MAX_SHM_SEGS.

Default is: QLM_MWORDS

Defines the default per-request shared memory size limit units. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRSHM_COEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRSHM_UNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value.

Default is: 0

Defines the default per-request temporary file size limit coefficient. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set per_request tempfile command. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRTFILECOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRTFILEUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is an integer from 0 to 2,147,483,647.

Default is: QLM_BYTES

Defines the default per-request temporary file size limit units. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set per_request tempfile command. The complete limit is expressed as NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRTFILECOEFF * NQE_NQS_DLIM_PRTFILEUNITS. When no specific value is set during the creation of a queue, this variable is used as the default value. This variable is one of the following values:

Default is: 60

Defines the time interval (in seconds) to wait when checking whether external resources are available again after being unavailable. If the time interval elapses and the external resources are still unavailable, the timer is reset to wait again. Otherwise, the scheduler is called to process any queued requests that require the resources. This variable is an integer from 1 to 300.

Default is: 1

Defines the configuration switch that controls whether the request-related event messages will be logged automatically to the job log area in the tail of the request's control file. If this variable is set to 0, no messages are generated automatically. If this variable is set to 1, the messages are logged automatically to the request's control file as events happen to the request.

Default is: 0

Defines the configuration flag that controls which fair-share algorithm will be used. This variable can be set to 0 for the standard fair-share algorithm, or 1 for the share/usage ratio algorithm. When the kernel fair-share process scheduling is enabled, you should use the standard algorithms. You should use the alternative share/usage ratio algorithm only when the kernel is collecting share data.

Default is: 90

Defines the minor time-out interval that is used for the interprocess communication time-out for NQS daemon-to-daemon requests. When this timer expires, the NQS daemon is queried to determine whether it is still running and available to process requests. This timer is set again and a wait occurs. This continues until NQE_NQS_IPC_WAIT_TIME expires, which causes the request to fail. This is important for long-running tasks, such as suspend or checkpoint, so that they do not time out. This variable is an integer from 1 to 86,400.

Default is: 15

Defines the minor time-out interval that is used for the interprocess communication time-out for NQS user commands-to-daemon requests. When this timer expires, the NQS daemon is queried to determine whether it is still running and available to process requests. If the daemon is still available, the following message is displayed on the user's screen: Waiting on local NQS daemon to complete transaction. This timer is set again and a wait occurs. This continues until NQE_NQS_IPC_WAIT_TIME expires, which causes the request to fail. This is important for long-running tasks, such as suspend or checkpoint so that they do not time out. This variable is an integer from 1 to 86,400.

Default is: 5400

Defines the major time-out interval that is used for the interprocess communication time-out for NQS commands and daemons. This time-out value is used with the NQE_NQS_IPC_TIMEOUT and NQE_NQS_IPC_TIMEOUT_I variables. If this time-out value expires, the current task ends with a time-out response. This variable is an integer from 1 to 86,400.

Default is: 0

Enables mandatory access control (MAC) checking for job status and deletion. If enabled, qstat lets users display only job information that their MAC label dominates. If enabled, qdel lets users delete jobs that are equal to their MAC label (user-owned jobs only). To disable MAC checking, set this variable to 0; to enable MAC checking, set it to 1.

Default is: 0

Enables multilevel directory (MLD) support for NQS spool directories that hold files with different MAC labels. To specify wildcard directories, set this variable to 0; to specify MLDs, set it to 1.

Default is: 5120

Defines the maximum amount of environment space, in bytes, for a request. If this value is reduced, requests that are queued before the change may fail. This variable is an integer from 5120 to 50,000.

Default is: 400

Defines the maximum number of environment variables for a request server. If this value is reduced, requests that are queued before the change may fail. This variable is an integer from 100 to 25,000.

Default is: 250

Defines the maximum number of requests from other remote machines that can be queued at a given time on this machine.

The NQE_NQS_MAX_EXTREQUESTS value must always be less than or equal to NQE_NQS_MAX_TRANSACTS. Any change in NQE_NQS_MAX_TRANSACTS must be considered carefully. If any NQS requests are on the local host, you can only increase the value of NQE_NQS_MAX_TRANSACTS. If one or more requests are on the local host, you cannot decrease the value of NQE_NQS_MAX_TRANSACTS. Any change to NQE_NQS_MAX_EXTREQUESTS also must be carefully considered. Any increase in this value is always safe. A danger, however, in decreasing this value exists. You can reduce NQE_NQS_MAX_EXTREQUESTS only if you know that the number of requests currently queued on the local system is less than or equal to the reduced value of NQE_NQS_MAX_EXTREQUESTS. If this condition is not true, NQS cannot requeue all of the requests on rebooting. If a value smaller than the current number of transactions in the NQS database is specified, the value will be increased to the current read count.

This variable is an integer from 1 to 65,536. If you change this variable when queued requests are in NQS, the queued requests will be deleted when the NQS databases are re-created.

Default is: 20

Defines the global maximum number of batch requests that are running simultaneously. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set global batch_limit command. This variable is an integer from 1 to 65,536.

Default is: 20

Defines the global maximum number of network queue servers that are running simultaneously. This variable is an integer from 1 to 65,536.

Default is: 20

Defines the global maximum number of pipe queue servers that are running simultaneously. This value acts only as an initial value. You can configure other values through the qmgr program. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set global pipe_limit command. This variable is an integer from 1 to 65,536.

Default is: 100

Defines the global maximum number of tape drives that can be allocated simultaneously. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set global tape_limit command. This variable is an integer from 1 to 65,536.

Default is: 4096 on Cray MPP systems running UNICOS/mk or Origin 64-bit systems, 64 on all other platforms

Defines the maximum number of MPP processing elements (PEs) on a Cray MPP system or the maximum number of CPUs on an Origin 64-bit system that are accessible at the local host. This variable is an integer from 0 to 65,533.

Default is: 300

Sets the maximum number of seconds (retry time) during which a network function can continue to fail, because of a temporary condition, before being marked as completely failed. To change this variable for an individual queue, use the qmgr set network retry_time command. This variable is an integer from 1 to 86,400.

Default is: 63

Defines the maximum priority that can be assigned to an NQS queue. This variable is an integer from 0 to 63.

Default is: MAX_NQS_LIM_SHM_L

Defines the maximum finite value of the shared memory limit coefficient. This variable is an integer from 0 to MAX_NQS_LIM_SHM_L.

Default is: MAX_NQS_LIM_SHM_S

Defines the maximum finite value of the number of shared memory segments that can be created. This variable is an integer from 0 to MAX_NQS_LIM_SHM_S.

Default is: 500

Defines the maximum number of concurrent transactions. Each request on the system has a transaction descriptor. Therefore, the value of this parameter sets a limit on the maximum number of requests that can be queued on the local host.

The NQE_NQS_MAX_EXTREQUESTS value must always be less than or equal to NQE_NQS_MAX_TRANSACTS. You must consider carefully any change in NQE_NQS_MAX_TRANSACTS. If any NQS requests are on the local host, you can only increase the value of NQE_NQS_MAX_TRANSACTS. If one or more requests are on the local host, you cannot decrease the value of NQE_NQS_MAX_TRANSACTS. You also must consider carefully any decrease to NQE_NQS_MAX_EXTREQUESTS. A danger, however, in decreasing this value exists. You can reduce NQE_NQS_MAX_EXTREQUESTS only if you know that the number of requests currently queued on the local system is less than or equal to the reduced value of NQE_NQS_MAX_EXTREQUESTS. If this condition is not true, NQS will not requeue all of the requests on rebooting.

This variable is an integer from 1 to 65,536. If you change this variable when queued requests are in NQS, the queued requests will be deleted when the NQS databases are re-created.

Default is: 0 for a UNIX system, 1 for CRAY T3D systems running UNICOS

Enables checking for CRAY T3D availability. If enabled, NQS checks for the availability of the CRAY T3D device before it initiates a request that requires the device. If it is disabled, no checking is performed. To disable this variable, set it to 0; to enable it, set it to 1. This variable is intended for use only in a test environment; you should not change it in a production environment.

Default is: 1

Defines the default mode in which NQS will use the UNICOS message catalog for its user and log messages. This variable can be set to either 0 to reduce the memory that is required at the expense of additional I/O, or set to 1 to reduce I/O at the expense of additional memory.

Default is: -5

Defines the nice value of the NQS daemons. This variable is an integer from -19 to 20, however, NQS should always run at a more desirable nice value than all user processes and at a less desirable nice value than the kernel.

Default is: 0

Enables use of privilege through privilege assignment lists (PALs) to read and write on the NQS protocol FIFO named pipe and the NQS LOGFIFO pipe. If this variable is not enabled, these two pipes are created with a wildcard label. To use a wildcard label, set this variable to 0; to use the privilege mechanism, set it to 1.

Default is: 0

Defines the behavior of a qstat -a command, and lets the site configure it to display either all jobs or just the user's jobs. You can set this variable to either 0 to display only the user's own jobs, or 1 to display all jobs.

Default is: 2

Defines the invocation method used to initiate batch jobs. This variable can be set either to 1 for the one-shell invocation method or to 2 for the two-shell invocation method.

Default is: Null string

Defines the shell used to initiate a batch job. The default value, a null string, indicates that the user's UDB shell should be used. This variable can be any valid shell path name.

Default is: 60

Defines the default time, in seconds, to wait after sending a SIGTERM signal to all processes for each request that runs in any queue after it receives a qmgr shutdown command. At the end of this time period, all remaining processes of any remaining NQS requests receive a SIGKILL signal. This variable is an integer from 1 to 86,400.

Default is: 0 for a UNIX system, 1 for a UNICOS or UNICOS/mk system

Enables checking for tape daemon availability. If enabled, NQS checks for the availability of the tape daemon before it initiates a request that requires a tape device. If it is disabled, no checking is performed. To disable checking, set this variable to 0; to enable checking, set it to 1. This variable is intended for use only in a test environment; you should not change it in a production environment.

Default is: nqs

Defines the TCP/IP port or service name from the /etc/services file that will be used for NQS. This variable must be a valid TCP/IP port or service name that is defined in the /etc/services file.

Default is: JTMPDIR

Defines the name of the temporary directory for NQS batch requests. A subdirectory is created in NQE_NQS_TMPDIR for each NQS job. The name of the NQS temporary directory must be a valid directory; NQS does not create this directory. On UNICOS and UNICOS/mk systems, valid values are JTMPDIR, which translates into the use of /tmp, or JTMPDIRNQS, which translates into the use of /nqstmp. On UNIX systems, this variable can be set to any valid directory path.

If a UNICOS NQS administrator wishes to use a directory other than /tmp or /nqstmp, such as /scratch, a solution is to create a link between /nqstmp and /scratch (that is, ln -s /scratch /nqstmp) and then set the NQE_NQS_TMPDIR value to JTMPDIRNQS.

The environment variable TMPDIR is created and sent to the user shell.

Default is: JTMPMODE

Defines the permissions (mode) for the temporary directory that is created for each NQS job that is initiated. This mode setting is for each user's temporary directory. The name of that temporary directory will be generated by NQE_NQS_TMPDIR. This does not set the mode for TMPDIR itself. The default value for NQE_NQS_TMPMODE comes from /usr/include/tmpdir.h; it uses the value of the variable JTMPMODE as a default. The value of JTMPMODE is 0700. This variable is any valid mode bit mask.

Default is: 15

Controls the frequency, in minutes, that the NQS share tree for fair-share scheduling is regenerated. After NQS startup, the share tree is regenerated periodically with any changes related to user IDs, account IDs, shares, or resource groups. If fair-share scheduling is not used for NQS job scheduling, or there are few changes to the UDB values, you can specify a long frequency. If there are many changes or you want to keep current values, you can specify a short frequency. This variable is an integer from 5 to 1440.

Default is: 120

For UNICOS sytems, defines the default Unified Resource Manager (URM) connection retry time, in seconds. If the connection between NQS and URM is broken, NQS retries the connection every IC_URM_RETRY seconds. This variable is an integer from 60 to 2,147,483,647 ((2³¹)-1).

Default is: urm

For UNICOS systems, defines the URM port or service name from /etc/services that NQS will use to interface to URM. This variable string must be a valid TCP/IP port or service name that is defined in /etc/services.